Neurons

Boko ba rona ke karolo ea tsamaiso ea methapo e atolositsoeng. E na le tsamaiso ea methapo e bohareng (CNS) le sistimi ea methapo ea kutlo (PNS). CNS e na le boko le mokokotlo oa mokokotlo. Ha e le hantle ke setsi sa taolo se fumanang tlhaiso-leseling e felletseng ho tsoa 'meleng oohle se ka khethollang ho kenya tšebetsong likarabo tse nepahetseng, ho ikhula kapa' kamoo o leng ka teng '. Mabapi le likarabo tse ikhethang e romella matšoao ka PNS. Ka hona setšoantšo se tsosang takatso, monko, ho ama, ho latsoa kapa ho kopanya mantsoe se tla chesa lits'oants'o tsa thobalano ho tloha bokong ho ea lithong tsa botona kapa botšehali ka tsamaiso ea methapo ka motsotsoana oa motsotsoana.

Boko bo na le lisele tsa methapo kapa li-neurone tse ka bang limilione tse likete tse 86. Sele ea methapo ea kutlo kapa methapo ea kutlo e na le 'mele oa sele o nang le khubu e nang le thepa ea DNA. Habohlokoa, e boetse e na le liprotheine tse fetolang sebopeho ha li ikamahanya le tlhahiso ea tlhaiso-leseling e tsoang kae kapa kae.

Li-neurons li fapane le lisele tse ling tsa 'mele hobane:

1. Li-neurone li na le likarolo tse khethehileng tsa sele tse bitsoang dendrites 'me axons. Basebeletsi ba tlisa matšoao a motlakase 'meleng le li-axon ho nka boitsebiso hōle le' mele oa sele.
2. Li-neurons lia buisana ka mokhoa oa electrochemical.
3. Li-neurons li na le mehaho e khethehileng (mohlala, synapses) le lik'hemik'hale (mohlala, li-neurotransmitters). Sheba ka tlase.

Li-neurons ke lisele tsa manģosa tsamaisong ea methapo. Mosebetsi oa bona ke ho fetisetsa melaetsa e tsoang karolong e 'ngoe ea' mele ho ea ho e 'ngoe. Li etsa karolo ea 50% ea lisele tsa bokong. E 'ngoe e ka bang 50% ke lisele tse nyenyane. Tsena ke lisele tse se nang neuronal tse bolokang homeostasis, tsa theha myelin, le ho fana ka tšehetso le tšireletso bakeng sa methapo ea methapo ea methapo ea methapo le tsamaiso ea methapo ea methapo. Lisele tse nyenyane li etsa tlhokomelo e kang ho hloekisa lisele tse shoeleng le ho lokisa ba bang.

Li-neurons li theha seo re se nahanang e le 'taba e bohlooho'. Ha axon, e ka ba nako e telele kapa e khutšoanyane, e kenngoa ka mafura a mafura (myelin), sena se lumella hore lipontšo li fetele pele ka potlako. Ho apara seaparo se sefubelu kapa ho khetholla, ke seo hangata ho thoeng ke 'taba e tšoeu'. Basebeletsi ba amohelang tlhahisoleseding ha ba fumanoe ke myelinated. Boko ba bocha bo kenyelletsa libaka le litsela. E boetse e potlakisa ho hokahanya ha motho ka ho fokotsa lefu.

Lipontšo tsa motlakase le tsa lik'hemik'hale

Li-neurons tsa rona li tsamaisa melaetsa ka mokhoa oa matšoao a motlakase a bitsoang methapo ea kutlo kapa bokhoni ba ketso. Ho theha tšusumetso ea methapo, li-neurone tsa rona li tlameha ho thaba ka ho lekaneng, ka lebaka la mohopolo kapa boiphihlelo, ho romela leqhubu le thunyang bolelele ba sele ho hlasimolla kapa ho thibela li-neurotransmitters qetellong ea axon. Lintho tse susumetsang tse kang khanya, litšoantšo, molumo kapa khatello kaofela li thabisa methapo ea kutlo.

Boitsebiso bo ka phalla ho tloha ho neurone e 'ngoe ho ea ho e' ngoe ea neuron ho pholletsa le synapse kapa lekhalo. Li-neurons ha li hlile lia ama, e synapse ke lekhalo le lenyenyane le arohanang le li-neurone. Li-neurons li na le kae kapa kae pakeng tsa li-1,000 le 10,000 li-connections kapa 'synapses' le li-neurone tse ling. Khopolo e tla bōptjoa ka ho kopanya li-neuron tse fetisang monko, ponahalo, melumo le ho ama ho thunngoa hammoho.

Ha tšusumetso ea methapo kapa ketso e ka tsamaeang 'me e fihla pheletsong ea axon pheletsong ea eona, e baka lits'ebetso tse fapaneng. Sebakeng sa polokelo ho na le li-vesicles tse nyane tse tlatsitsoeng ka likhemik'hale tse fapaneng tse bakang mefuta e fapaneng ea likarabo. Lipontšo tse fapaneng li kenya li-vesicles tse nang le li-neurotransmitter tse fapaneng. Li-vesicle tsena li ea ntlheng ea seteishene ebe li lokolla litaba tsa tsona hore li kenelle synapse. E tloha ho neuron ena ho parola mateano kapa synapse ebe ea thabisa kapa e thibela neuron e latelang.

Haeba ho na le ho fokotseha ho ebang palo ea methapo ea pelo (mohlala, dopamine) kapa palo ea li-receptor, molaetsa o ba thata ho fetisa. Batho ba nang le Mafu a Parkinson ba na le bokhoni bo tlase ba ho bontša dopamine. Methati e phahameng ea li-neurochemicals kapa li-receptor li fetolela molaetsa o matla kapa tsela ea memori. Ha mosebelisi oa litšoantšo tsa bootsoa a itlopa ka lintho tse hlasimollang maikutlo, litsela tseo li ba mafolofolo le ho matlafala. Matla a motlakase a li feta habonolo. Ha motho a tlohela tloaelo, ho hloka boiteko bo bong ho qoba tsela eo ea ho hanyetsa le ho phalla habonolo.

Neuromodulation ke mele mokhoa oo ho fanoeng ka oona Neurone o sebelisa lik'hemik'hale tse le 'ngoe kapa tse ngata ho laola mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea li-neurone. Sena se fapane le tsa khale tsoelo-pele ea synaptic, eo ho eona presynaptic neuron e le 'ngoe e susumetsang ka ho toba molekane a le mong oa postsynaptic, phetoho e le' ngoe ho tse ling. Li-neuromodulators tse ngotsoeng ke sehlopha se senyenyane sa neurons se fetela libakeng tse kholo tsa tsamaiso ea methapo, e amang li-neurone tse ngata. Mefuta e meholo ea li-neuromodulator tsamaiso ea methapo ea mantlha e kenyeletsa dopamine, Serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, 'me norepinephrine / noradrenaline.

Neuromodulation e ka nkoa e le mokokotlo oa methapo ea pelo e sa sebetsanoeng le neuron ea pele ho nako kapa ea robeha metabolite. Basebetsi ba joalo ba qetella ba qeta nako e ngata ho eona se nang le lero le leholo (CSF), e susumetsang (kapa "ho hlophisa") ts'ebetso ea li-neurone tse ling tse 'maloa ho boko. Ka lebaka lena, li-neurotransmitters tse ling li nkoa e le li-neuromodulators, tse kang serotonin le acetylcholine. (sheba wikipedia)